Amyloidosis

Amyloidosisis a heterogeneous disease or even considered a constellation of diseases resulting in a deposition relatively similar proteins ^1-2. It has many causes and can affect essentially any organ system.

Epidemiology 

There may be male predilection. Typically affects middle aged individuals aged around 60 years ⁵.

Pathology

Amyloid is group of proteins characterised by certain physical properties. 

They are insoluble extra cellular proteinaceous substance composed of cross-ß-pleated sheets which have the property of apple-green birefringence when viewed under polarised light ¹. A pink-red coloration is seen with the Congo red stain.

There are at least 15 amyloid proteins can be derived from diverse precursors. Some demonstrate structural morphology with immunoglobulins. 

Among many classifications used, amyloidosis can be sub typedsubtyped as:

• primary amyloidosis -: associated with monoclonal plasma cell dyscrasias
• secondary amyloidosis -: usually occurs secondary to a tissue destructive and inflammatory process, e.g.
  • tuberculosis 
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • multiple myeloma 
  • Crohn's disease
  • ankylosing spondylitis
  • Sjogren syndrome
  • dermatomyositis
• hereditary amyloidosis -: can be seen with familial mediterranean fever (FMF)
• senile amyloidosis -
• localised amyloidosis^* -: sometimes classified as a separate entity with the above four accounting for the systemic forms. 

In certain scenarios the amyloid proteins are produced and deposited locally, whereas in others the protein is distributed systemically. 

Systemic amyloidosis

The majority occur in the the systemic form:

• AL (amyloid light chain):
  • synthesised by plasma cells, and seen in conditions with monoclonal proliferation of these cells
• AA (amyloid associated):
  • derived from SAA (serum associated amyloid-associated) protein which is synthesised by the liver and forms part of the HDL3 lipoproteins
  • typically seen in chronic inflammatory disease, or familial mediterranean fever.
• Aß₂M-: derived from ß₂-microglobulin, and seen in patients on haemodialysis
• ATTR (amyloidtranthyretin):
  • seen in senile systemic amyloidosis / neuropathic/neuropathic cerebral angiopathy
  • is the most common form of familial amyloidosis⁵

Localised amyloidosis

Accounts for ≈ 15 ≈15% of amyloidosis

• A₄ß₂ (beta amyloid protein) -: seen in Alzheimer's disease
• AANF (atrial natriuretic factor) - : isolated atrial amyloidosis
• AIAPP (islet amyloid peptide) -: deposited in the pancreas in patients with type II DM
• ACal-: seen in medullary islet cell tumour

Organ specific amyloidosis

Amyloid deposition can occur in essentially any part of the body, although some are more common and have specific imaging findings. These conditions are best discussed separately:

• renal amyloidosis
• urinary tract amyloidosis
• splenic amyloidosis
• hepatic amyloidosis
• cardiac amyloidosis
• pulmonary amyloidosis
• tracheobronchial amyloidosis
• gastrointenstinal amyloidosis
• breast amyloidosis
• skeletal amyloidosis
  • amyloid arthropathy

Associations 

• multiple myeloma (with primary amyloidosis)