Generalized increased bone density in adults

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The causes of generalised increase in bone density in adult patients, also known as generalised or diffuse osteosclerosis, can be divided according to broad categories:

haematological disorders
- myelosclerosis
  - marrow cavity is narrowed by endosteal new bone
  - patchy lucencies due to the persistence of fibrous tissue (generalised osteopenia in the early stages due to myelofibrosis)
  - hepatosplenomegaly
- sickle cell disease²
- osteosclerosing multiple myeloma
metabolic
poisoning
- fluorosis
  - with periosteal reaction, prominent muscle attachments and calcification of ligaments and interosseous membranes
  - changes are most marked in the innominate bones and lumbar spine
neoplastic (more commonly multifocal than generalised)
malignancy
- osteoblastic metastases: most commonly prostate and breasts
- lymphoma: infiltrative
- leukaemia: infiltrative
mastocytosis
- sclerosis of marrow-containing skeleton with patchy areas of radiolucency
- urticaria pigmentosa
- can have symptoms and signs of carcinoid syndrome
idiopathic (more commonly multifocal than generalised)
Paget disease: coarsened trabeculae, bony expansion and thickened cortex
congenital: sclerosing bone dysplasias
other
- hepatitis C associated osteosclerosis (HCAO)

~~There are several~~ ~~mnemonics~~ ~~for~~A mnemonic for the causes of dense bones is 3 M's PROOF.

~~-<li>congenital: <a href="/articles/sclerosing-bone-dysplasias">sclerosing bone dysplasias</a><ul>~~
+<li>congenital: <a href="/articles/sclerosing-bone-dysplasia-overview">sclerosing bone dysplasias</a><ul>
~~-</ul><p> </p><p> </p><p>There are several <a href="/articles/diffuse-bony-sclerosis-mnemonic">mnemonics </a>for dense bones.</p><h4>See also</h4><ul><li>~~
+</ul><p>A mnemonic for the causes of dense bones is <a title="Diffuse bony sclerosis (mnemonic)" href="/articles/diffuse-bony-sclerosis-mnemonic">3 M's PROOF</a>.</p><h4>See also</h4><ul><li>

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Generalized increased bone density in adults

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