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Musculoskeletal curriculum

Changed by Aditya Shetty, 28 Sep 2014
Back to revision history

Updates to Article Attributes

Body was changed:

The musculoskeletal curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core musculoskeletal knowledge.

Definition

Topics pertaining to bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments, but excluding the skeletal structures of the head.

Anatomy

Core anatomical topics include:

Upper limb
Lower limb and pelvis
Spine and chest wall

Radiological Examinations

Plain radiography isthe baseline imaging modality in most musculoskeletal problems. Other commonmusculoskeletal imaging modalities and imaging-guided procedures include:

Pathology

Trauma
Upper limb
Lower limb
Spine
Bone tumours

There are a bewildering number of bone tumours. Below are listed those considered important either because they are common, or because they are important or because the have specific imaging findings. For a more complete list, please refer to : bone tumours.

Soft tissue tumours
Arthritides
Infections
Congenital and developmental
  • -<p>The <strong>musculoskeletal </strong>curriculum is one of our <a href="/articles/curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum </a>articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core musculoskeletal knowledge.</p><h4>Definition</h4><p>Topics pertaining to bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments, but excluding the skeletal structures of the head.</p><h4>Anatomy</h4><p>Core anatomical topics include:</p><h6>Upper limb</h6><ul>
  • -<li>bones &amp; muscles<ul><li><a href="/articles/rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>joints<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/shoulder-joint-anatomy" title="Shoulder joint anatomy">shoulder joint</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/elbow-joint-anatomy" title="Elbow joint anatomy">elbow joint</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/wrist-anatomy" title="Wrist anatomy">wrist joint </a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>regions and spaces<ul><li><a href="/articles/carpal-tunnel-anatomy" title="Carpal tunnel anatomy">carpal tunnel</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • +<p>The <strong>musculoskeletal </strong>curriculum is one of our <a href="/articles/curriculum">curriculum </a>articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core musculoskeletal knowledge.</p><h4>Definition</h4><p>Topics pertaining to bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments, but excluding the skeletal structures of the head.</p><h4>Anatomy</h4><p>Core anatomical topics include:</p><h6>Upper limb</h6><ul>
  • +<li>bones &amp; muscles:<ul><li><a href="/articles/rotator-cuff">rotator cuff</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>joints:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/shoulder-joint-anatomy">shoulder joint</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/elbow-joint-anatomy">elbow joint</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/wrist-anatomy">wrist joint </a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>regions and spaces:<ul><li><a href="/articles/carpal-tunnel-anatomy">carpal tunnel</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/bones-of-the-lower-limb" title="Bones of the lower limb">bones </a>&amp; <a href="/articles/muscles-of-the-lower-limb" title="Muscles of the lower limb">muscles</a>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>joints<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/hip-joint-anatomy" title="Hip joint anatomy">hip</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/knee-joint-anatomy" title="Knee joint anatomy">knee</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/ankle-joint-anatomy" title="Ankle joint anatomy">ankle</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>regions and spaces<ul><li><a href="/articles/popliteal-fossa" title="Popliteal fossa">popliteal fossa</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -</ul><h6><strong>Spine and chest wall</strong></h6><h4>Radiological Examinations</h4><p>Plain radiography is
  • -the baseline imaging modality in most musculoskeletal problems. Other common
  • -musculoskeletal imaging modalities and imaging-guided procedures include:</p><ul>
  • -<li>CT</li>
  • -<li>ultrasound<ul><li><a href="/articles/rotator-cuff-ultrasound" title="Rotator cuff ultrasound">rotator cuff ultrasound</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>MRI</li>
  • -<li>arthrography</li>
  • -</ul><h4><strong>Pathology</strong></h4><h5>Trauma</h5><h6>Upper limb</h6><ul style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; border-left-width: 20px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(185, 196, 208); background-position: 2px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "><li>shoulder injury<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/acromioclavicular-injury" title="Acromio-clavicular dislocation">acromio-clavicular dislocation</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/shoulder-dislocation" title="Shoulder dislocation">glenohumeral dislocation</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/hill-sachs-lesion" title="Hill-Sachs lesion">Hill-Sachs</a> and <a href="/articles/bankart_lesion" title="Bankart lesion">bony Bankart</a> lesions</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/glenoid-labrum-injuries" title="glenoid labrum injuries">glenoid labrum injuries</a><ul><li><a href="/articles/superior-labral-anterior-posterior-tear" title="SLAP lesion">SLAP lesions</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/glenohumeral-ligament-injuries" title="Glenohumeral ligament injuries">glenohumeral ligam</a><a href="/articles/glenohumeral-ligament-injuries" title="Glenohumeral ligament injuries">ent injuries</a>
  • -</li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/rotator_cuff_tear_grading" title="Rotator cuff tear grading">rotator cuff tear grading</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/subcoracoid_impingement" title="Subcoracoid impingement">subcoracoid impingement</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li></ul><ul style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; border-left-width: 20px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(185, 196, 208); background-position: 2px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/arm-injury" title="arm injury" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">arm injury</a><ul style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; border-left-width: 20px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(185, 196, 208); background-position: 2px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">
  • -<li><a href="/articles/neer-classification-of-proximal-humeral-fractures" title="proximal humeral fracture" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">proximal humeral fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/distal-humeral-fracture" title="distal humeral fracture" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">distal humeral fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/radial-head-fractures" title="Radial head fracture" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">radial head fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/ulnar-fracture" title="ulnar fracture" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">ulnar fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/elbow-dislocation" title="elbow dislocation" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">elbow dislocation</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/fracture-dislocations-of-the-radius-and-ulnar" title="Fracture-dislocations of the radius and ulnar" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">fracture-dislocations of the radius and ulnar</a><ul style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; border-left-width: 20px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(185, 196, 208); background-position: 2px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">
  • -<li><a href="/articles/monteggia-fracture-dislocation" title="Monteggia fracture-dislocation" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">Monteggia fracture-dislocation</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/galeazzi-fracture-dislocation" title="Galeazzi fracture-dislocation" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">Galeazzi fracture-dislocation</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/essex-lopresti-fracture-dislocation" title="Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocation" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocation</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/colles-fracture" title="Colles fracture" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">Colles fracture</a></li>
  • -<li>other <a href="/articles/distal-radial-fractures" title="distal radial fractures" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">distal radial fractures</a><ul style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; border-left-width: 20px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(185, 196, 208); background-position: 2px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">
  • -<li><a href="/articles/barton-fracture" title="Barton fracture" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">Barton fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/smith-fracture" title="Smith fracture" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">Smith fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/chauffeur-fracture" title="chauffeur fracture" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">chauffeur fracture</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/wrist-injury" title="wrist injury" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">wrist injury</a><ul style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; border-left-width: 20px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(185, 196, 208); background-position: 2px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">
  • -<li><a href="/articles/scaphoid_fracture" title="Scaphoid fracture" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">scaphoid fracture</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/carpal-instability" title="carpal instability" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">carpal instability</a><ul style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; border-left-width: 20px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(185, 196, 208); background-position: 2px 2px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">
  • -<li><a href="/articles/disi" title="DISI" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">DISI</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/visi" title="VISI" style="color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">VISI</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/bones-of-the-lower-limb">bones </a>&amp; <a href="/articles/muscles-of-the-lower-limb">muscles</a>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>joints:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/hip-joint-anatomy">hip</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/knee-joint-anatomy">knee</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/ankle-joint-anatomy">ankle</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>regions and spaces:<ul><li><a href="/articles/popliteal-fossa">popliteal fossa</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +</ul><h6><strong>Spine and chest wall</strong></h6><h4>Radiological Examinations</h4><p>Plain radiography is the baseline imaging modality in most musculoskeletal problems. Other common musculoskeletal imaging modalities and imaging-guided procedures include:</p><ul>
  • +<li>CT</li>
  • +<li>ultrasound:<ul><li><a href="/articles/rotator-cuff-ultrasound">rotator cuff ultrasound</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>MRI</li>
  • +<li>arthrography</li>
  • +</ul><h4><strong>Pathology</strong></h4><h5>Trauma</h5><h6>Upper limb</h6><ul><li>shoulder injury:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/acromioclavicular-injury">acromio-clavicular dislocation</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/shoulder-dislocation">glenohumeral dislocation</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/hill-sachs-lesion">Hill-Sachs</a> and <a href="/articles/bankart-lesion">bony Bankart</a> lesions</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/glenoid-labrum-injuries">glenoid labrum injuries</a>:<ul><li><a href="/articles/superior-labral-anterior-posterior-tear">SLAP lesions</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/glenohumeral-ligament-injuries">glenohumeral ligam</a><a href="/articles/glenohumeral-ligament-injuries">ent injuries</a>
  • +</li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/rotator-cuff-tear-grading">rotator cuff tear grading</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/subcoracoid-impingement">subcoracoid impingement</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li></ul><ul>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/arm-injury">arm injury</a><ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/proximal-humeral-fracture-classification-neer-1">proximal humeral fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/distal-humeral-fracture">distal humeral fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/radial-head-fractures">radial head fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/ulnar-fracture">ulnar fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/elbow-dislocation">elbow dislocation</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/fracture-dislocations-of-the-radius-and-ulnar">fracture-dislocations of the radius and ulnar</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/monteggia-fracture-dislocation">Monteggia fracture-dislocation</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/galeazzi-fracture-dislocation">Galeazzi fracture-dislocation</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/essex-lopresti-fracture-dislocation">Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocation</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/colles-fracture">Colles fracture</a></li>
  • +<li>other <a href="/articles/distal-radial-fractures">distal radial fractures</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/barton-fracture">Barton fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/smith-fracture">Smith fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/chauffeur-fracture">chauffeur fracture</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/wrist-injury">wrist injury</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/scaphoid-fracture">scaphoid fracture</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/carpal-instability">carpal instability</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/disi">DISI</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/visi">VISI</a></li>
  • -</li>
  • +</li>
  • -</li>
  • +</li>
  • -<li>pelvic and hip injury<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/anterior_inferior_iliac_spine_avulsion_injury" title="Anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion injury">anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion injury</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/pelvic-fractures" title="pelvic fractures">pelvic fractures</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/femoral-neck-fracture" title="Femoral neck fracture">femoral neck fractures</a><ul><li><a href="/articles/garden-classification-of-hip-fractures" title="Garden classification (hip fractures)">Garden classification</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/dislocation-of-the-hip" title="dislocation of the hip">dislocation of the hip</a><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/anterior-dislocation-of-the-hip" title="Anterior dislocation of the hip">anterior dislocation</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/posterior-dislocation-of-the-hip" title="Posterior dislocation of the hip">posterior dislocation</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>knee injury<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/avulsion-fractures-of-the-knee" title="Avulsion fractures of the knee">avulsion fractures of the knee</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/patella-fractures" title="patella fractures">patella fractures </a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>ankle injury<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/weber_ankle_fracture_classification" title="Weber ankle fracture classification">Weber ankle fracture classification</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/triplane-fracture" title="Triplanar fracture">triplanar fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/pilon-fracture" title="Pilon fracture">pilon fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/tillaux_fracture" title="Tillaux fracture" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">tillaux fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/maisonneuve-fracture" title="Maisonneuve fracture" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">Maisonneuve fracture</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>foot injury<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/jones_fracture" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">Jones fracture</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/jones_fracture" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; "></a><a href="/articles/lisfranc_injury" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">Lisfranc injury</a>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/lisfranc_injury" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; "></a><a href="/articles/avulsion-fracture-of-the-5th-metatarsal-styloid" title="Avulsion fracture 5th metatarsal styloid" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(63, 117, 216); text-decoration: none; ">avulsion of the 5th metatarsal</a>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/calcaneal-fracture" title="Calcaneal fractures">calcaneal fracture</a>
  • -</li>
  • +<li>pelvic and hip injury:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/anterior-inferior-iliac-spine-avulsion-injury">anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion injury</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/pelvic-fractures">pelvic fractures</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/femoral-neck-fracture">femoral neck fractures</a>:<ul><li><a href="/articles/garden-classification-of-hip-fractures">Garden classification</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/dislocation-of-the-hip">dislocation of the hip</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/anterior-dislocation-of-the-hip">anterior dislocation</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/posterior-dislocation-of-the-hip">posterior dislocation</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>knee injury:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/avulsion-fractures-of-the-knee">avulsion fractures of the knee</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/patella-fractures">patella fractures </a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>ankle injury:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/ankle-fracture-classification-weber">Weber ankle fracture classification</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/triplane-fracture">triplanar fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/pilon-fracture">pilon fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/tillaux-fracture">tillaux fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/maisonneuve-fracture">Maisonneuve fracture</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>foot injury:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/jones-fracture-1">Jones fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/lisfranc-injury">Lisfranc injury</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/avulsion-fracture-of-the-5th-metatarsal-styloid">avulsion of the 5th metatarsal</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/calcaneal-fracture">calcaneal fracture</a></li>
  • -</li>
  • +</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/cervical-spine-fracture" title="Cervical Spine Fractures">cervical spine fractures</a><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/jefferson_fracture" title="Jefferson fracture">Jefferson fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/odontoid-fracture" title="Odontoid process fracture">odontoid process fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/hangman-fracture" title="hangman fracture">hangman fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/clay-shoveler-fracture-2" title="Clay-shoveler fracture" style="color: rgb(45, 83, 154);">clay-shoveler fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/flexion-teardrop-fracture" title="flexion teardrop fracture">flexion teardrop fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/hyperextension-teardrop-fracture" title="Extension teardrop fracture" style="color: rgb(45, 83, 154);">extension teardrop fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/hyperflexion-fracturedislocation" title="hyperflexion fracture-dislocation" style="color: rgb(45, 83, 154);">hyperflexion fracture-dislocation</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/burst-fracture" title="burst fracture" style="color: rgb(45, 83, 154);">burst fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/wedge-fracture" title="wedge fracture">wedge fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/facet-dislocation" title="facet dislocation">facet dislocation</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/anterior-subluxation" title="anterior subluxation">anterior subluxation</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/atlanto-occipital-dissociation-injuries" title="atlantooccipital dissociation">atlantooccipital dissociation</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/thoracolumbar-spine-fractures" title="thoracolumbar spine fractures">thoracolumbar spine fractures</a><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/compression-fracture" title="compression fracture">compression fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/burst-fracture" title="Burst fracture">burst fracture</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/chance-fracture" title="Chance fracture">Chance fracture</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -</ul><h5>Bone tumours</h5><p>There are a bewildering number of bone tumours. Below are listed those considered important either because they are common, or because they are important or because the have specific imaging findings. For a more complete list, please refer to : <a href="/articles/bone-tumours" title="bone tumours">bone tumours</a>.</p><ul>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/boneforming-tumours" title="bone-forming tumours">bone-forming tumours</a><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/osteoid_osteoma" title="Osteoid osteoma">osteoid osteoma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/osteoblastoma" title="Osteoblastoma">osteoblastoma</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/bone-island" title="bone island">bone island</a> (<a href="/articles/enostosis" title="enostosis">enostosis</a>)</li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/osteoma" title="Osteoma">osteoma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/cartilageforming-tumours" title="cartilage-forming tumours">cartilage-forming tumours</a><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/enchondroma" title="enchondroma">enchondroma</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/osteochondroma" title="Osteochondroma">osteochondroma</a><ul><li><a href="/articles/hereditary_multiple_exostoses" title="Hereditary multiple exostoses">hereditary
  • -multiple exostoses</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/chondrosarcoma" title="Chondrosarcoma">chondrosarcoma</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/fibrous-bone-lesions" title="fibrous bone lesions">fibrous bone lesions</a><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/fibrous-dysplasia" title="Fibrous dysplasia">fibrous dysplasia</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/ossifying-fibroma" title="Ossifying Fibroma">ossifying fibroma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/malignant-fibrous-histiocytoma" title="Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)">malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/bone-marrow-tumours" title="bone marrow tumours">bone marrow tumours</a><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/multiple-myeloma-1" title="multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/ewing-sarcoma" title="Ewing sarcoma">Ewing sarcoma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/primary-bone-lymphoma" title="primary bone lymphoma">primary bone lymphoma</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/bony-metastases" title="bony metastases">bony metastases</a></li>
  • -<li>other bone tumours or tumour-like lesions<br><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/unicameral-bone-cyst-1" title="Simple bone cyst">simple bone cyst</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/aneurysmal-bone-cyst" title="Aneurysmal bone cyst">aneurysmal bone cyst</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/giant-cell-tumour-of-bone" title="Giant cell tumour of bone">giant cell tumour of bone</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/chordoma" title="Chordoma">chordoma</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/cervical-spine-fracture">cervical spine fractures</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/jefferson-fracture">Jefferson fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/odontoid-fracture">odontoid process fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/hangman-fracture">hangman fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/clay-shoveler-fracture-2">clay-shoveler fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/flexion-teardrop-fracture">flexion teardrop fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/hyperextension-teardrop-fracture">extension teardrop fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/hyperflexion-fracturedislocation">hyperflexion fracture-dislocation</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/burst-fracture">burst fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/wedge-fracture">wedge fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/facet-dislocation">facet dislocation</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/anterior-subluxation">anterior subluxation</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/atlanto-occipital-dissociation-injuries">atlantooccipital dissociation</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/thoracolumbar-spine-fractures">thoracolumbar spine fractures</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/compression-fracture">compression fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/burst-fracture">burst fracture</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/chance-fracture">Chance fracture</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +</ul><h5>Bone tumours</h5><p>There are a bewildering number of bone tumours. Below are listed those considered important either because they are common, or because they are important or because the have specific imaging findings. For a more complete list, please refer to : <a href="/articles/bone-tumours">bone tumours</a>.</p><ul>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/boneforming-tumours">bone-forming tumours</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/osteoid-osteoma">osteoid osteoma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/osteoblastoma">osteoblastoma</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/bone-island">bone island</a> (<a href="/articles/enostosis">enostosis</a>)</li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/osteoma">osteoma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/cartilageforming-tumours">cartilage-forming tumours</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/enchondroma">enchondroma</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/osteochondroma">osteochondroma</a><ul><li><a href="/articles/hereditary-multiple-exostoses">hereditary multiple exostoses</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/chondrosarcoma">chondrosarcoma</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/fibrous-bone-lesions">fibrous bone lesions</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/fibrous-dysplasia">fibrous dysplasia</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/ossifying-fibroma">ossifying fibroma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/malignant-fibrous-histiocytoma">malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/bone-marrow-tumours">bone marrow tumours</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/multiple-myeloma-1">multiple myeloma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/ewing-sarcoma">Ewing sarcoma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/primary-bone-lymphoma">primary bone lymphoma</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/bony-metastases">bony metastases</a>:</li>
  • +<li>other bone tumours or tumour-like lesions:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/unicameral-bone-cyst-1">simple bone cyst</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/aneurysmal-bone-cyst">aneurysmal bone cyst</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/giant-cell-tumour-of-bone">giant cell tumour of bone</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/chordoma">chordoma</a></li>
  • -</li>
  • +</li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/malignant-fibrous-histiocytoma" title="Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)">malignant fibrous
  • -histiocytoma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/liposarcoma" title="Liposarcoma">liposarcoma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/synovial-sarcoma" title="synovial
  • - sarcoma">synovial cell sarcoma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/rhabdomyosarcoma" title="Rhabdomyosarcoma">rhabdomyosarcoma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/pigmented-villonodular-synovitis" title="Pigmented villonodular synovitis">pigmented villonodular
  • -synovitis</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/lipoma-arborescens-1" title="Lipoma arborescens">lipoma arborescens</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/malignant-fibrous-histiocytoma">malignant fibrous histiocytoma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/liposarcoma">liposarcoma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/synovial-sarcoma">synovial cell sarcoma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/rhabdomyosarcoma">rhabdomyosarcoma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/pigmented-villonodular-synovitis">pigmented villonodular synovitis</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/lipoma-arborescens-1">lipoma arborescens</a></li>
  • -<li>general</li>
  • -<li>degenerative<ul><li><a href="/articles/osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>inflammatory<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/erosive-osteoarthritis" title="Erosive osteoarthritis">erosive osteoarthritis</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/autoimmune-arthritis" title="autoimmune arthritis">autoimmune arthritis</a><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis" title="rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/systemic-lupus-erythematosus" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">SLE</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/musculoskeletal-manifestations-of-scleroderma" title="Musculoskeletal manifestations of scleroderma">scleroderma</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/dermatomyositis" title="Dermatomyositis">dermatomyositis</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/seronegative-spondyloarthritides" title="Seronegative spondyloarthritides">seronegative arthritis</a><ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">ankylosing spondylitis</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/psoriatic-arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">psoriatic arthritis</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/psoriatic-arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis"></a><a href="/articles/reactive-arthritis" title="reactive arthritis">reactive arthritis</a>
  • -</li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -</ul><ul><li>metabolic and endocrine<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/gout" title="Gout">gout</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/cppd" title="CPPD">CPPD </a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/haemochromatosis-skeletal-manifestations" title="Haemochromatosis - skeletal manifestations">haemochromatosis</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/wilson-disease-2" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/ochronosis" title="Ochronosis">ochronosis</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">amyloid deposition</a></li>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/acromegaly" title="Acromegaly">acromegal</a>y</li>
  • +<li>general</li>
  • +<li>degenerative:<ul><li><a href="/articles/osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>inflammatory:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/erosive-osteoarthritis">erosive osteoarthritis</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/autoimmune-arthritis">autoimmune arthritis</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/systemic-lupus-erythematosus">SLE</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/musculoskeletal-manifestations-of-scleroderma">scleroderma</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/dermatomyositis">dermatomyositis</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/seronegative-spondyloarthritides">seronegative arthritis</a>:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/ankylosing-spondylitis">ankylosing spondylitis</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/psoriatic-arthritis">psoriatic arthritis</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/reactive-arthritis">reactive arthritis</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +</ul><ul><li>metabolic and endocrine:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/gout">gout</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/cppd">CPPD </a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/haemochromatosis-skeletal-manifestations-1">haemochromatosis</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/wilson-disease-2">Wilson's disease</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/ochronosis">ochronosis</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/amyloidosis">amyloid deposition</a></li>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/acromegaly">acromegal</a>y</li>
  • -<li>septic arthritis </li>
  • -<li>osteomyelitis<ul>
  • -<li>pyogenic<ul><li><a href="/articles/brodie-abscess-1" title="Brodie Abscess">Brodie abscess</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>tuberculous <ul><li><a href="/articles/pott-disease" title="Pott disease">Pott Disease</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>fungal</li>
  • -<li>syphylitic</li>
  • +<li>septic arthritis </li>
  • +<li>osteomyelitis:<ul>
  • +<li>pyogenic:<ul><li><a href="/articles/brodie-abscess-1">Brodie abscess</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>tuberculous: <ul><li><a href="/articles/pott-disease">Pott Disease</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>fungal</li>
  • +<li>syphylitic</li>
  • -</li>
  • +</li>
  • -<li>upper limb<ul><li><a href="/articles/madelung-deformity" title="Madelung deformity">Madelung deformity</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>lower limb<ul><li><a href="/articles/tarsal_coalition" title="Tarsal coalition">tarsal coalition</a></li></ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>spine and chest wall<ul>
  • -<li>
  • -<a href="/articles/pectus-carinatum" title="pectus carinatum">pectus carinatum</a> and <a href="/articles/pectus_excavatum" title="Pectus excavatum">excavatum</a>
  • -</li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/rib-anomalies" title="rib anomalies">rib anomalies</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a></li>
  • -</ul>
  • -</li>
  • -<li>general<ul>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/melorheostosis-1" title="Melorheostosis (Leri disease)">melorheostosis</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/osteopetrosis" title="Osteopetrosis">osteopetrosis</a></li>
  • -<li><a href="/articles/osteopoikilosis-2" title="Osteopoikilosis">osteopoikilosis</a></li>
  • +<li>upper limb:<ul><li><a href="/articles/madelung-deformity">Madelung deformity</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>lower limb:<ul><li><a href="/articles/tarsal-coalition">tarsal coalition</a></li></ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>spine and chest wall:<ul>
  • +<li>
  • +<a href="/articles/pectus-carinatum">pectus carinatum</a> and <a href="/articles/pectus-excavatum">excavatum</a>
  • +</li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/rib-anomalies">rib anomalies</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/scoliosis">scoliosis</a></li>
  • +</ul>
  • +</li>
  • +<li>general:<ul>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/melorheostosis-1">melorheostosis</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/osteopetrosis">osteopetrosis</a></li>
  • +<li><a href="/articles/osteopoikilosis-2">osteopoikilosis</a></li>
  • -</li>
  • +</li>

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