Articles
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16,872 results found
Article
Normal genitourinary tract imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the genitourinary tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality.
Kidneys
Plain radiograph
KUB: example 1
abdominal x-ray: example 1
Intravenous Urogram (IVU) and Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
IVU: example 1, example 2
Ultrasound
rena...
Article
Twin reversed arterial perfusion
Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare complication of monochorionic pregnancies. It develops when the following conditions are present:
1. lack of a well-formed heart in one of the twins (so-called acardiac twin)
2. a superficial artery-to-artery placental anastomosis prov...
Article
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) is considered a variant of the twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) occurring in monochorionic twin pregnancies.
Epidemiology
TAPS may occur spontaneously in up to 5% of monochorionic twins and may also develop after incomplete laser treatment in tw...
Article
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a potential complication that can occur in a monochorionic twin pregnancy (either MCDA or MCMA).
Epidemiology
This complication can occur in ~10% (range 15-25%) of monochorionic pregnancies, giving an estimated prevalence of ~1:2000 of all pregnanci...
Article
Braxton Hicks contractions
Braxton Hicks contractions, aka practice contractions or false labor, are physiological contractions of myometrium that occur in pregnancy. They are often sporadic and start by ~6 weeks.
Radiographic features
Antenatal ultrasound
It may be seen as a transient change myometrial thickness 2.
H...
Article
Stub
Stubs are short incomplete articles that are little more than a placeholder for a longer definitive article. The length of the article is less important than how long it is in contrast to how long it should be. In other words, some articles need only be a paragraph long to be considered complete...
Article
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Primary hyperaldosteronism is a condition of excess aldosterone production and occurs secondary to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal cortical adenoma, or rarely, adrenal carcinoma. When primary hyperaldosteronism is due to aldosterone-producing adenoma it is called Conn syndrome 2,3,9. Diff...
Article
Brain arteriovenous malformation
Brain arteriovenous malformations are a type of intracranial high-flow vascular malformation composed of enlarged feeding arteries, a nidus of vessels closely associated with the brain parenchyma through which arteriovenous shunting occurs, and draining veins.
Terminology
This article correspo...
Article
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the prog...
Article
Thyroid malignancies
Thyroid malignancies are most commonly primary thyroid cancers but can rarely be metastatic deposits.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
head and neck irradiation (see radiation-induced thyroid cancer)
family history of thyroid cancer
age <30 or >60 years
male
>2 cm
Pathology
Classification
Th...
Article
Hydrogen
Hydrogen (chemical symbol H) is one of the basic organic elements, and all organic compounds contain hydrogen. It is the commonest element in the visible universe comprising greater than 75% of all matter.
Chemistry
Physical chemistry
Hydrogen is an odorless, tasteless and colourless gas. It ...
Article
Eagle syndrome
Eagle syndrome refers to symptomatic elongation of the styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament 1,2. It is often bilateral. In most cases, the cause is unknown; however, the condition is sometimes associated with disorders causing heterotopic calcification such as abnormal calcium/phosph...
Article
Leadless cardiac pacemaker
Leadless cardiac pacemakers are a type of cardiac conduction device. These pacemakers are self-contained right ventricular single-chamber pacemakers that are implanted percutaneously via a femoral approach 1-3. There are currently two leadless cardiac pacemakers on the market: Nanostim™️ (Abbott...
Article
Psychoradiology
Psychoradiology is an emerging field that applies medical imaging technologies to the analysis of mental health, neurophysiology and psychiatric conditions 1. Psychoradiology is not a recognized subspecialty for clinical practice and relies on imaging data analysis rather than visual inspection ...
Article
Bilateral facet dislocation
A bilateral facet dislocation is an unstable flexion distraction type of dislocation of the cervical spine, often a result of buckling force. Occasionally, the bilateral facet dislocation has been named a 'doubly-locked' vertebral injury giving the impression of stability. However, due to comple...
Article
CT guided adrenal biopsy
CT guided adrenal biopsy is usually performed for the diagnosis of indeterminate adrenal nodules or tumors. This procedure has steadily declined in use since 1990s due to improvements in, and validation of, non-invasive CT and MR techniques that can now diagnose benign adrenal lesions with a hig...
Article
Supra-acetabular fossa
A supra-acetabular fossa (plural: fossae), also known as pseudodefect of acetabular cartilage, is an anatomic variant whereby a focal defect is evident within the subchondral bone of the acetabular roof. It is seen in as many as 10% of hips and is typically located at the 12 o'clock position bot...
Article
Fissula ante fenestram
The fissula ante fenestram (plural: fissula ante fenestras) is a small connective tissue-filled cleft in the otic capsule of the temporal bone, not typically visible on CT. The area around the fissula ante fenestram is the usual origin of fenestral otosclerosis.
Gross anatomy
The fissula ante ...
Article
Radiology training in the Republic of Ireland
Radiology training in the Republic of Ireland is organized under the auspices of the Faculty of Radiologists at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. The duration of training is 5 years leading to a Certificate of Completion of Specialist Training which is a requirement for entry to the Spec...
Article
Male breast cancer
Male breast cancer is exceptionally rare and only accounts for less than 0.25% of male malignancies and ~0.5-1% of all breast cancer (both genders). The diagnosis is sometimes delayed due to the patient's hesitancy to seek advice. Workup from a radiological point of view is the same as for women...