Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
68 results found
Article
Testicular cancer
Testicular cancers are the most common malignancy in men between the ages of 20 and 34 years.
Epidemiology
Testicular cancer is uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all internal organ malignancies 2.
The commonest histology of the tumor varies with the age of affected individuals. Over 90...
Article
Prostatomegaly
Prostatomegaly is a term used to generally describe enlargement of the prostate gland from whatever cause. Usually, the prostate is considered enlarged on imaging when its volume measures beyond 30 cc (mL).
Terminology
The term prostatomegaly is often used interchangeably with benign prostati...
Article
Penile calcification
Penile calcifications are a relatively rare finding. The commonest cause is Peyronie disease.
Pathology
Etiology
Peyronie disease
penile calciphylaxis (considered by some to be a form of calcinosis cutis)
penile urethral calculus
calcinosis cutis of the penis
idiopathic calcinosis cutis o...
Article
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis are important to be recognized, just like medical devices of the chest. We often ignore these devices, considering them to be incidental and non-pathological, however it is essential to be aware of potential complications.
Gastrointestinal devices
tube...
Article
T1 hyperintense renal lesions
T1 hyperintense renal lesions are a group of lesions that show high signal characteristics on T1-weighted MRI compared to the adjacent normal renal parenchyma.
The differential diagnoses for this group include:
hemorrhagic and/or highly proteinaceous renal cyst
papillary renal cell carcinoma ...
Article
Empyema
Empyemas are purulent inflammatory collections within a body cavity. Contrast this with abscesses, which arise within parenchymal tissue, rather than occupying a pre-existing anatomical space.
Terminology
Colloquially, the standalone term empyema is used to refer to thoracic empyemas but there...
Article
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1.
Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article.
Terminology
The term hydroureter...
Article
Urinary bladder wall thickening
Urinary bladder wall thickening is a common finding and its significance depends on whether the bladder is adequately distended.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
In both adults and children, the wall may be considered thickened on ultrasound if it measures 6:
>3 mm when distended (>25% expec...
Article
Loss of corticomedullary differentiation
A loss of corticomedullary differentiation is an imaging feature where renal cortex and medulla is no longer able to be seen as different structures.
Pathology
It can be detected usually by ultrasound or MRI (and in some instances on contrast CT) with a large number of variable pathological c...
Article
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the urogenital system
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) of the urogenital system are rare benign lesions, and just a few cases are reported with spermatic cord, scrotal and penile origins 1.
Please refer to the article on inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors for a broad discussion.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Renal pseudotumor
Renal pseudotumors simulate a tumor on imaging but are composed of non-neoplastic tissue.
Differential diagnosis
There are many examples 1-3:
Developmental
prominent column of Bertin
persistent fetal lobulation
dromedary hump
splenorenal fusion
cross-fused renal ectopia
renal hilar lip...
Article
Fat-containing renal lesions
There are numerous fat-containing renal lesions, including:
renal angiomyolipoma
renal cell carcinoma (often has calcifications when contains macroscopic fat)
Wilms tumor
renal oncocytoma
renal or perirenal lipoma/liposarcoma
Non-mass lesions may also occasionally contain fat:
renal junct...
Article
Valsalva maneuver
The Valsalva maneuver is the forced expiration of air against a closed airway, resulting in increased intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and pharyngeal pressure. It can be performed against a closed glottis or by one closing the mouth and pinching the nose while forcibly exhaling.
It is commonly u...
Article
Obstructive uropathy
An obstructive uropathy is a catch-all term encompassing any cause of complete or partial, congenital or acquired, and permanent or intermittent obstruction of the urinary tract. Depending on the severity of obstruction and extent, it may result in permanent change in both the collecting system ...
Article
Bilateral renal enlargement
Bilateral renal enlargement, also known as nephromegaly, can arise from many causes including 1,2:
Smooth enlargement
diabetic nephropathy (common)
acute pyelonephritis
renal involvement with lymphoma
acute interstitial nephritis
acute glomerulonephritis
acute urate nephropathy
vasculiti...
Article
Increased renal echogenicity
Increased renal echogenicity is a non-specific finding but can represent a number of underlying conditions.
These include:
normal variation
renal amyloidosis
chronic kidney disease: increased cortical echogenicity
sickle cell disease 4
HIV nephropathy
See also
echoge...
Article
Renal cortical defect
Renal cortical defects have a variety of causes, and present on imaging as an area of focal cortical thinning or absence of renal cortex, sometimes accompanied by focal caliectasis.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for a renal cortical defect includes 1,2:
renal scarring
...
Article
Scrotal infections
The scrotum and its content are subject to a number of infective processes including:
scrotal cellulitis
scrotal abscess
scrotal wall abscess
Fournier gangrene
epididymitis
epididymo-orchitis
orchitis
testicular abscess
scrotal filariasis
Article
Renal artery stenosis
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) (plural: stenoses) refers to a narrowing of a renal artery. When the process occurs slowly, it leads to secondary hypertension. Acute renal artery stenosis does not lead to hypersecretion of renin.
Pathology
When the stenosis occurs slowly, collateral vessels form a...
Article
Urinary bladder cyst
Urinary bladder cysts are considered tumor-like lesions and true simple cysts arising from the bladder wall are extremely rare 1.
Pathology
Three types of cysts have been described 1:
urachal cysts: dome and anterior wall
cloacal cysts: posterior wall
simple cyst of the bladder wa...
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