Items tagged “stub”
1,312 results found
Article
Vernet syndrome
Vernet syndrome, also known as jugular foramen syndrome, is a constellation of cranial nerve palsies due to compression from a jugular foramen lesion, such as a jugular paraganglioma, schwannoma, or metastasis 2.
Clinical presentation
It consists of motor paralysis of:
glossopharyngeal nerve ...
Article
Hepatic arterial resistive index
The resistive index (RI) is the most common Doppler parameter used for hepatic arterial evaluation. The usual range in normal, as well as post-transplant individuals, is between 0.55 and 0.8.
It is measured by:
Resistive index (RI) = (peak systolic velocity - end-diastolic velocity)/peak systo...
Article
Abnormally eccentric gestational sac
An eccentrically-located gestational sac towards the fundus of the uterus is the normal sonographic appearance, however, an abnormally eccentric gestational sac on ultrasound may be apparent due to a number of causes:
interstitial ectopic pregnancy 1
normally implanted pregnancy in a
bicornu...
Article
Scleroderma (hepatobiliary manifestations)
Hepatobiliary manifestations of scleroderma are only present symptomatically in a minority of patients. Around 2.5% of patients with scleroderma develop clinically significant primary biliary cholangitis, however, antibody studies suggest that subclinical disease may be present in as many as 15%...
Article
Reticuloendothelial system
The reticuloendothelial system (RES) comprises a number of tissues:
spleen
bone marrow
liver Kupffer cells
Article
Ulnar styloid impaction syndrome
Ulnar styloid impaction syndrome refers to wrist pain due to a long ulnar styloid process impacting upon the triquetral bone.
Pathology
An ulnar styloid >6 mm in length is commonly regarded as being long. Impaction results in chondromalacia of the opposing articular surfaces, i.e. the proximal...
Article
Ureteral tumors
A number of tumors may affect the ureter, by far the most common histology being transitional cell carcinoma.
transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter: 95% 1
squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter: 5%
adenocarcinoma of the ureter: <1%
Article
Scottie dog sign (spine)
The Scottie dog sign (often seen spelled Scotty but Scottie is the correct spelling) refers to the normal appearance of the lumbar spine when seen on oblique radiographic projection. On oblique views, the posterior elements of the vertebra form the figure of a Scottie dog with:
the transverse p...
Article
Lobar nephronia
Lobar nephronia, also known as acute focal nephritis, refers to an intermediate stage between acute pyelonephritis and renal abscess, and is a focal region of interstitial nephritis.
It appears as a wedge of poorly perfused renal parenchyma, without a cortical rim sign.
The condition is discu...
Article
Terry-Thomas sign
The Terry-Thomas sign refers to an increase in the scapholunate space on an AP radiograph of the wrist (or coronal CT). The increased distance indicates scapholunate dissociation (often with rotary subluxation of the scaphoid) due to ligamentous injury. There is no consensus as to what measureme...
Article
Vascular pedicle
Vascular pedicle is bordered on the right by venous structures (right brachiocephalic vein above and superior vena cava) and on the left by an arterial structure (the left subclavian artery origin). The azygos vein (black oval) is seen en face above the right main bronchus.
The vascular pedicle...
Article
Facet joint
Facet joints, also known as apophyseal or zygapophyseal joints, are the synovial articulations of the posterior arch of the vertebrae and form part of the posterior column.
Gross anatomy
They are symmetrical synovial-lined joints with a fibrous capsule that connect the articular facets of the...
Article
Jugular venous catheters
The internal jugular vein is a preferred site for venous access for large lumen, long-term central venous catheters for chemotherapy, hemofiltration and plasma exchange. These are commonly referred to as (internal) jugular venous (IJV) catheters.
Typically, the right internal jugular is used as...
Article
Talar beak sign (talus)
The talar beak sign is seen in cases of tarsal coalition, and refers to a superior projection of the distal aspect of the talus. It is most frequently encountered in talocalcaneal coalition. It is thought to result from abnormal biomechanic stresses at the talonavicular joint.
Terminology
The...
Article
Phlebolith
Phleboliths are literally "vein stones", and represent calcification within venous structures. They are particularly common in the pelvis, where they may mimic ureteric calculi, and are also encountered frequently in venous malformations. They can also be seen in spindle-cell hemangiomas and occ...
Article
Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (formerly referred to as retrolental fibroplasia) is an ocular condition seen in the infant population. It often occurs bilaterally, although usually with significant asymmetry 1.
Epidemiology
There is often a history of premature delivery, low birth weight, a...
Article
Extraocular muscles
The extraocular muscles (EOMs) are the six skeletal muscles that insert onto the eye and hence control eye movements.
Terminology
The extraocular muscles maybe subdivided into the recti muscles and the oblique muscles.
Action
A summary of the principal actions of each muscle are given below....
Article
Superior rectus muscle
Superior rectus muscle is one of the six extraocular muscles that control eye movements.
Summary
innervation: superior branch of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
origin: annulus of Zinn (tendinous ring)
insertion: globe (anterior, superior surface)
primary function: one of two ocular elevators...
Article
Ocular depressors
The ocular depressors are the extra-ocular muscles responsible for depression of the globe:
inferior rectus (primary function)
superior oblique (secondary function)
Article
Ocular adductors
The ocular adductors are the extra-ocular muscles responsible of adduction of the globe:
medial rectus (primary function)
inferior rectus (tertiary function)
superior rectus (tertiary function)
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