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Femur

Dr Matt Adams ◉ and Dr Jeremy Jones ◉ et al.

The femur (plural: femora) is the longest, most voluminous and strongest bone in the human body.

It is composed of the upper extremity, body and lower extremity and provides several muscular origins and insertions.

On this page:

Article:

Proximal portion
Femoral shaft
Distal portion
Relevant pathology
Related articles
References

Images:

Cases and figures

Proximal portion

The upper extremity is composed of the head, neck, greater trochanter and lesser trochanter. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to create the hip joint.

Femoral head and neck

The femoral head is supported by the neck of the femur. It is globular and forms rather more than a hemisphere. It is directed caudally, medially and anteriorly. Its surface is smooth and coated in cartilage except for an ovoid depression (the fovea capitis femoris) which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head. The fovea allows for the attachment of the ligament of head of the femur.

If there is a fracture of the neck of femur, the blood supply through the ligament becomes crucial. Where this occurs, there is a risk of insufficient blood supply to the head and avascular necrosis may occur. It is for this reason that the treatment of choice is a total hip replacement rather than dynamic hip screwing.

Greater and lesser trochanter

The greater trochanter is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence attached to the proximal end of the femur. It is directed laterally and posteriorly and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the femoral head. It has two surfaces and four borders to which several muscles are attached.

The lesser trochanter is a conical eminence which is of variable size. It projects from the posterior surface of the neck of the femur. It is continuous with the middle division of the linea aspera (the prominent ridge along the femur) and the intertrochanteric crest. Like the greater trochanter, it is also involved in muscular attachment.

Muscles

Femoral shaft

The femoral shaft is almost cylindrical in form, is a little broader superiorly and is slightly arched such that it is convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge of bone, the linea aspera. A variety of muscles have their origins at and insert into the femoral shaft (all, apart from gluteus maximus and vastus intermedius, interact with the posterior surface of the bone):

Distal portion

The lower extremity is composed of the medial and lateral condyles, adductor tubercle, patellar surface and intercondylar fossa. It is larger than the upper extremity and articulates with the tibia and patella at the knee.

Anteriorly, the condyles are slightly prominent and separated from one another by the patellar surface. Posteriorly, they project considerably and the interval between them forms a deep notch, the intercondylar fossa. The lateral condyle is more prominent than the medial.

The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior, inferior and posterior surfaces of the condyles.

A number of muscles originate from the distal femur:

Relevant pathology

neck of femur fracture

References

Anatomy: Lower limb

skeleton of the lower limb
joints
- hip joint
  - ligaments
  - additional structures
  - ossification centers
- knee joint
- tibiofibular joints
  - proximal tibiofibular joint
  - distal tibiofibular syndesmosis
- ankle joint
  - regional anatomy
    - medial ankle
    - lateral ankle
    - anterior ankle
  - ligaments
    - medial collateral (deltoid) ligament
    - lateral collateral ligament
    - additional structures
    - ankle bursae
      - retrocalcaneal bursa
      - subcutaneous calcaneal bursa
    - ossification centers of the ankle
  - variants
    - ball and socket ankle joint
- foot joints
  - subtalar joint
    - articulations
      - talocalcaneal joint
    - ligaments
    - associated structures
  - mid-tarsal (Chopart) joint
    - talonavicular joint
    - calcaneocuboid joint
  - tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint
    - ligaments
      - Lisfranc ligament
  - intermetatarsal joint
  - metatarsophalangeal joint
  - interphalangeal joint
spaces of the lower limb
- adductor canal
- femoral sheath
  - femoral canal
    - femoral ring
- femoral triangle (contents mnemonic | boundaries mnemonic)
- foot subdivisions
- popliteal fossa (mnemonic)
- tarsal tunnel (mnemonic)
- triangular space of cruciate ligaments
muscles of the lower limb
- muscles of the pelvic group
  - inner hip group
    - iliopsoas muscle
  - gluteal region
    - gluteal muscles
    - tensor fasciae latae muscle
  - lateral rotator group
- muscles of the thigh
- muscles of the leg
  - anterior compartment of the leg
  - posterior compartments of the leg
    - superficial posterior compartment of the leg (calf)
      - triceps surae
        
        medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle
        
        soleus muscle
        accessory soleus muscle
      - plantaris muscle
      - calcaneal tendon
    - deep posterior compartment of the leg
  - lateral compartment of the leg
    - peroneus brevis muscle
    - peroneus longus muscle
- muscles of the foot
  - dorsal muscles
    - extensor hallucis brevis muscle
    - extensor digitorum brevis muscle
  - plantar muscles
    - 1st layer
    - 2nd layer
      - quadratus plantae muscle
      - lumbrical muscles
    - 3rd layer
    - 4th layer
      - dorsal interossei muscles
      - plantar interossei muscles
- accessory muscles
  - accessory peroneal muscles
vascular supply
- arterial supply of the lower limb
- venous drainage of the lower limb
  - deep system
    - common femoral vein
      - femoral vein
        
        deep femoral vein
        
        popliteal vein
        
        peroneal vein
        
        posterior tibial vein
        
        anterior tibial vein
  - superficial system
    - great saphenous vein
      - dorsal venous plexus
    - small saphenous vein
      - vein of Giacomini
innervation of the lower limb
- lumbar plexus (mnemonic)
  - femoral nerve
    - saphenous nerve
  - obturator nerve
- sacral plexus
  - sciatic nerve (motor distribution)
    - common peroneal nerve
      - superficial peroneal nerve
      - deep peroneal nerve
    - tibial nerve
lymphatics

Article information

rID: 5038

System: Musculoskeletal

Section: Anatomy

Tag: anatomy rewrite

Synonyms or Alternate Spellings:

Femora

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Cases and figures

Figure 1: femur: osseous anatomyFigure 1: femur: osseous anatomy

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Figure 2: femur: osseous anatomyFigure 2: femur: osseous anatomy

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Figure 3: femoral head and neckFigure 3: femoral head and neck

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Figure 4: femur- diagramsFigure 4: femur- diagrams

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Figure 5: femur - diagramsFigure 5: femur - diagrams

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Figure 6: femur - diagramsFigure 6: femur - diagrams

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Figure 7: femur - hip joint capsuleFigure 7: femur - hip joint capsule

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Figure 8: femur - knee joint capsuleFigure 8: femur - knee joint capsule

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Figure 9: femur - knee jointFigure 9: femur - knee joint

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Figure 10: femora - diagrams Figure 10: femora - diagrams

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Figure 11: the Q angleFigure 11: the Q angle

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Case 1: normal femur radiographsCase 1: normal femur radiographs

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